What is Sabre Fencing ?

Sabre fencing is a fast-paced sport where competitors use a weapon called a sabre. This is one of the three main disciplines of modern fencing, alongside foil and epee.

It involves scoring points by striking your opponent with the edge or the tip of your blade, and the target area is from the waist up.

Sabre fencing can be found in two forms: the contemporary sport and its historical usage within martial arts. So let’s go into a little more details.

History

Sabre fencing traces its origins back to the military swordsmanship of the 18th and 19th centuries. Soldiers used sabres for both cutting and thrusting attacks in combat. Over time, fencing masters began to systematize and teach these techniques, leading to the development of sabre fencing as a sport.

How does Sabre Fencing work

In modern sabre fencing, athletes face off on a narrow strip called the piste. The goal is to score points by making valid strikes with the edge of the blade on your opponent’s target area. Unlike epee and foil, where points are scored with the tip of the blade, sabre allows contact with the whole blade.

To ensure safety, fencers wear protective gears. Electric scoring systems are used to accurately record points, with sensors built into the fencers’ clothing and sabres to detect valid touches.

Target Area

The valid target area is the upper body including the head, torso, and arms. Hits below the waist do not count.

Scoring

Both cutting and thrusting motions are valid. Generally, the fencer who touches the opponent first is awarded the point, following the right of way rules. If both fencers land a hit simultaneously, the point is awarded based on the “right of way” rule.

Right of way decides who gets the point if both fencers hit at the same time. The fencer who attacks first has priority. If that attack is blocked or misses, the opponent can counter-attack and gain priority.

Match Structure

Matches are conducted in bouts, with each bout consisting of up to three periods of three minutes each, or as we said above until one fencer scores 15 points. In the event of a tie at the end of the regular bout, an additional minute of sudden-death overtime is used to determine the winner.

Penalties and Prohibited Actions

Violations of the rules result in penalties, such as warnings (yellow card), point deductions (red card), and disqualification (black card) for severe infractions.

Prohibited actions include crossing the boundary lines, crossing one’s feet or legs while moving forward or backward, turning one’s back on the opponent, using excessive force, unsportsmanlike conduct, any form of violent or dangerous behavior, and using the non-weapon hand or any part of the body to block or deflect the opponent’s weapon.

Clothing and Equipments

When you get into fencing, you’ll notice that the clothing is almost the same across all three disciplines. However, there are specific pieces of equipment that are unique to sabre fencing.

Sabre Weapon

This sword is characterized by a flat blade and a bell guard to protect the hand. It must not exceed 500 grams in weight and 105 centimeters in length. Some swords feature electric components for scoring, while non-electric versions are used mostly for training.

Other Equipments

For clothing, fencers wear a jacket, underarm protector (plastron), knickers, knee-length socks, and a glove for the weapon hand. The jacket is typically reinforced on the weapon arm and side to provide extra protection. A fencing mask with a conductive bib is essential, as it helps register valid touches to the head.

When it comes to equipment, sabre fencers use a lighter, more flexible blade compared to epee and foil. The weapon has a different guard to protect the hand. Scoring is achieved through touches with the edge of the blade, not just the tip.

It includes a conductive lamé, a metallic vest worn over the jacket. The lamé covers the target area, extending from the waist up, including the arms and head (in sabre).

Proper footwear is also crucial. While specialized fencing shoes aren’t mandatory, they provide better grip, support, and flexibility. This enhances performance on the piste. Lastly, a body cord connects the fencer to the electronic scoring system. This ensures that touches are accurately recorded during a bout.

Techniques and Strategies

Learning the right techniques takes time and dedication. With consistent practice and the right fencing tips, you’ll develop the skills needed to excel. Sabre fencing involves mastering several key techniques.

Basic Techniques

In fencing, mastering the fundamental moves is essential. These include:

The cut is basic attacking move where you slash at your opponent with the edge of the blade. Cuts are made using the edge of the blade. You have different types like head cuts, flank cuts, and chest cuts. To execute these, focus on precise wrist and arm movements to ensure you hit the target area effectively.

The thrust, though less common in sabre, this move involve extending the arm and using the tip of the blade to score points. This technique requires good distance management. Unlike cuts, thrusts are used for longer-range attacks and rely more on direct, linear movements.

The parry, is defensive move where you block your opponent’s attack with your blade.

The riposte, is a counter-attack aimed at scoring a point.

Footwork is the backbone of effective fencing. It involves:

• Advancing and Retreating – Moving forward and backward swiftly to control the distance between you and your opponent.
• Lunging – A powerful forward thrust that helps you reach your opponent quickly.
• Recovering – Returning to a balanced stance after a lunge or attack.

Advanced Techniques

As you progress in sabre fencing, you’ll encounter more complex maneuvers that require more quick thinking.

Feints – Deceptive moves designed to trick your opponent into parrying or reacting incorrectly, creating an opening for a real attack.

Compound Attacks – A combination of two or more attacks executed in quick succession to overwhelm your opponent’s defense.

Beat Attacks – Striking your opponent’s blade with yours to disrupt their guard and create an opening for an attack.

By combining these techniques, you can create a dynamic and unpredictable fencing style that’s hard to counter, enhancing both your offensive and defensive capabilities.

Differences – Sabre, Foil, Epee

All three disciplines have commonalities as well as their own distinct changes, rules, and techniques, which we have explained in the table below.

Feature	Sabre	Foil	Epee
Blade length	max 105 cm	max 110	max 110 cm
Weight	max 500 gr	less than 500gr	less than 770
Target Area	Head, Torso, Upper Arm	Torso Only	Whole Body
Scoring Method	Tip & Edge	Tip Only	Tip Only
Right of Way	Yes	Yes	No
Play Style	Fast, Agile	Precise, Technical	Strategic, Patient

HEMA Sabre Fencing

Historical European Martial Arts is a discipline within the broader study of historical combat techniques. HEMA practitioners delve into historical manuscripts and sources to reconstruct and interpret the fighting styles of the past, including those used with sabres.

Unlike modern sport fencing, HEMA often use replica sabres based on historical designs. These replicas are blunt and designed for training, allowing practitioners to safely engage in full-speed sparring and drills.

HEMA practitioners wear equipment similar to modern sport fencing but with additional padding to withstand the force of heavier, blunt weapons. This includes reinforced jackets, padded gloves, and sometimes additional protection for the head, neck, and limbs.

While both fencing styles share the common element of using a sabre as a weapon, there are significant differences between the two disciplines, such as rules, techniques, purposes, equipment, training methods, competitive vs. historical context, and cultural significance.

Last words

Hopefully, your time in fencing is filled with excitement and learning. But if challenges come up, having the right skills and gear can make a big difference. Embrace the fast-paced and strategic nature of sabre fencing, and enjoy every moment of growth and competition. With dedication, you’ll find this sport both fun and rewarding.